Human Spaceflights

International Flight No. 112

Soyuz T-15

Mayak

USSR

UdSSR
Salyut patch

Launch, orbit and landing data

Launch date:  13.03.1986
Launch time:  12:33:08.879 UTC
Launch site:  Baikonur
Launch pad:  1
Altitude:  331 - 366 km
Inclination:  51.6°
Docking Mir:  15.03.1986, 13:38:42 UTC
Undocking Mir:  05.05.1986, 12:12:09 UTC
Docking Salyut 7:  06.05.1986, 16:57:52 UTC
Undocking Salyut 7:  25.06.1986, 14:58:00 UTC
Docking Mir:  26.06.1986, 19:46:07 UTC
Undocking Mir:  16.07.1986, 09:09:50 UTC
Landing date:  16.07.1986
Landing time:  12:34:05 UTC
Landing site:  55 km NE of Arkalyk

walkout photo

Crew Soyuz T-15

hi res version (523 KB)

alternative crew photo

alternative crew photo

alternative crew photo

alternative crew photo

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alternative crew photo

Crew

No.   Surname Given names Position Flight No. Duration Orbits
1  Kizim  Leonid Denisovich  Commander 3 125d 00h 00m 56s  1980 
2  Soloviyov  Vladimir Alekseyevich  Flight Engineer 2 125d 00h 00m 56s  1980 

Crew seating arrangement

Launch
1  Kizim
2  Soloviyov
Soyuz T spacecraft
Landing
1  Kizim
2  Soloviyov

Backup Crew

No.   Surname Given names Position
1  Viktorenko  Aleksandr Stepanovich  Commander
2  Aleksandrov  Aleksandr Pavlovich  Flight Engineer

Hardware

Launch vehicle:  Soyuz-U2 (No. B15000-012)
Spacecraft:  Soyuz T-15 (7K-ST No. 21L)

Flight

Launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome and landing 55 km northeast of Arkalyk.

The Mir core module or base block was launched on February 20, 1986 on a Proton-K rocket from at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It had a mass of about 21 tons, a length of about 13.1 meters, and a maximum diameter of 4.2 meters.
The Mir core module was the backbone of the Mir space station. Derived from the prior Salyut 6 and 7 space stations, it acted as the principal space station control element and contained the main computers, communications equipment, kitchen and hygiene facilities, and primary living quarters. The module provided 90 cubic meters of habitable volume. The core module included six docking ports used as permanent attachment points for the other station modules and for temporary docking of manned and unmanned resupply ships. Although the core module's main propulsion system had not been operational since the arrival of Kvant1, the core acted as the principal propellant storage unit and assisted in controlling the attitude of the entire space station. The core was divided into four compartments, designated as the working, transfer, intermediate and assembly compartments. All but the assembly compartment were pressurized. A small airlock was also available for experiments or for the release of small satellites or refuse.
The working compartment was the main habitable volume on Mir and consisted of two concentric cylinders connected by a tapered conical section. The interior of the working compartment was divided into an operations zone and a living area. The operations zone occupied the smaller diameter section and was the control area for the entire Mir complex. Monitoring and commanding of the core systems, scientific equipment and mechanisms were carried out in this area. The living area of the working compartment provided the necessities for long-term manned missions and contained a galley area, individual crew cabins, hygiene facilities and trash storage. Medical monitoring equipment and a bicycle ergometer were located in the conical portion of the working compartment.
The spherical transfer compartment was located at the fore end of the working compartment. It provided radial docking ports, spaced at 90-degree increments, for 4 of the station's added modules with a 5th additional axial docking port for visiting transport craft. Access to the additional station modules was provided through the transfer compartment.
The intermediate compartment was a 2-meter diameter pressurized tunnel that connected the working module to the aft docking port. The tunnel was located in the center of the non-pressurized assembly compartment. The aft docking port was used for visiting transport vehicles until permanently occupied by the Kvant1 module.
Main engine and fuel tanks were located in the non-pressurized assembly compartment. This annular space contained the main engine and fuel tanks. Externally, this assembly supported the station's satellite relay antenna, docking radar antennas, lights and optical sensors.
Power to the core module was initially provided by 2 38 sq. meter arrays providing 9 kW. A 3rd array was added to the core in 1987 to bring total power to 10.1 kW. Additional power from visiting Progress M and Soyuz TM vehicles and other station modules could be added to the station's total supply. The core contained 12 NiCd batteries for power storage. The core was also equipped with 32 137 N attitude control thrusters and 2 2.9 kN thrusters for orbit maintenance (useless while Kvant1 was attached). The propulsion system was a pressure fed UDMH/NTO system. Life support system maintained the station's environment at 18-28 deg. C and 20-70 percent humidity. An electrolytic system was used to recycle station atmosphere with a backup chemical scrubbing system. Station pointing could be controlled to within 15 arcmin. 2 primary CPUs provided most station control functions. Star sensors, IR Earth horizon sensors, sun sensors, magnetometers, gyros, accelerometers were used for attitude determination. Communication with the ground was via 11-14 GHz links through geosynchronous relay satellites.

Following a two-day solo flight Soyuz T-15 docked with the new space station Mir on March 15, 1986. Plans for Mir intended that only the newer Soyuz TM would dock with Mir's forward port, leaving the aft port free for arriving Progress spacecraft. However, the older Soyuz T actually used for the first Soyuz T-15 mission to Mir was not equipped with the Kurs approach system used on Mir's front port, but only with the older Igla approach system used for Mir's aft port. Therefore, Soyuz T-15 had to approach Mir's aft port, and then manually maneuver around the station to dock manually at the forward port. At 20 km Soyuz T-15's Igla system acquired its counterpart on Mir's aft port. At 200 meters, the Igla system was shut off, and the crew manually maneuvered around the station to dock at the front port. For this manual approach, the same laser range finder was used as for the Soyuz T-13 docking with the uncooperative Salyut 7 station in 1985. The cosmonauts became the first resident crew of Mir.

The Progress 25 resupply ship was docked to Mir from March 21, 1986 - April 20, 1986. Meanwhile the first tests of the Soviet data and voice relay system, the Altair/SR system, were conducted on March 29, 1986 using Mir's large aft antenna and the geosynchronous Kosmos 1700 satellite. Rezonans tests. The Mir-1 crew conducted Rezonans tests of the Soyuz T-15-Mir base block-Progress 25 complex on March 31, 1996. The Mir-1 crew subjected the Mir base block-Soyuz T-15 assemblage to further Rezonans tests after the departure of Progress 25. They also for the first time placed Mir in gravity gradient stabilisation mode, with its long axis pointed toward the center of the Earth, and tested the station's atmosphere.

Progress 26 was docked to the station from April 26, 1986 - June 22, 1986. The freighter rendezvoused with Mir on April 25, 1986, but a problem with Mir's radio communication system delayed docking until the next day. It docked with Mir on April 26, 1986 at 21:26:06 UTC and undocked on June 22, 1986 at 18:25:00 UTC.

In preparation for the trip to Salyut 7, the crew loaded Soyuz T-15 with their personal belongings, plants grown on Mir, and other items. At that time Salyut 7 was still 4000 km ahead of Mir in a lower orbit. Therefore, on May 04, 1986 Mir was lowered by 13 km in order to speed the approach to Salyut 7 and conserve Soyuz T-15's limited fuel supply for the transfer. On May 05, 1986, they undocked from Mir for a day long journey to the Salyut 7 space station and stayed there for 50 days as sixth resident crew. The cosmonauts manually docked with the inoperative Salyut 7 station. This was the only flight in history by a single spacecraft between two space stations. The Salyut 7 station was found to be ice bound and without electrical power. The crew repaired the station, regaining power, heat, and environmental control. The also removed experimental results left behind by last crew.

Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Soloviyov conducted the first EVA while staying on Salyut 7 on May 28, 1986 (3h 40m). Vladimir Soloviyov and Leonid Kizim first visited the new Mir station then transferred to Salyut 7 to tie up loose ends left by the station's previous crew, which had been forced to end its mission early after Vladimir Vasyutin, became ill. Vladimir Vasyutin and Aleksandr Volkov were to have performed EVA assembly experiments outside Salyut 7 while Viktor Savinykh assisted from inside Salyut 7. Vladimir Soloviyov and Leonid Kizim removed and placed inside the transfer compartment space exposure cassettes and the joint Soviet-French micrometeoroid collector deployed in August 1985. The exposure cassettes included Spiral, for study of space effects on cables, Istok, which looked for changes in threaded connectors (nuts and bolts) caused by space exposure, Resurs, which studied space effects on metals, Meduza, which studied space effects on biopolymers. The cosmonauts then attached the cylindrical 150-kg (330-lb) URS space assembly device to the hull outside the airlock hatch. The URS device deployed a 20-kg (44-lb), 12-to-15-m (40-to-50-ft) tubular metal truss held together by hinges and springs. URS was designed and built by the Paton Institute of Electric Welding in Kiev, which also developed the URI tool used by Svetlana Savitskaya during her 1984 EVA. The URS truss was deployable, as opposed to the erectable EASE and ACCESS systems Jerry Ross and Sherwood Spring worked with 7 months earlier on STS-61B. Pravda, quoting Paton Institute sources, stated that the truss' length could be increased to a kilometer or more by adding more folded cassettes. Leonid Kizim operated the three buttons that controlled deployment, then climbed halfway up the truss. He found it sturdy, with oscillations limited to a few centimeters of amplitude. The top of the URS truss carried Leningrad Polytechnical Institute's 3-kg (6.6-lb) Fon ("Background") device, which assessed the environment around Salyut 7. The cosmonauts installed the BOSS visible light communications system on a work compartment porthole, then refolded the URS girder and closed out the EVA. Portions of the EVA were televised live to Soviet audiences. They spent the next two days cleaning their Orlan-DM suits, undergoing debriefing, and preparing documentation.

Both cosmonauts performed a second spacewalk on May 31, 1986 (5h 01m). The cosmonauts extended the URS truss, then used the BOSS device installed on the previous EVA to relay data on truss stability from instruments at the top of the truss. These included a small seismograph built by the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Geophysics for tracking low-frequency (small) vibrations imparted by the station's acceleration, and the Mayak ("beacon") experiment, in which a camera tracked high-frequency vibrations by filming the movements of a small orange light attached to the truss. Vladimir Soloviyov and Leonid Kizim then rigidized the truss by welding portions using the URI tool. After closing and dismantling the truss, they installed the Mikrodeformator device built by Kharkov Polytechnical Institute, which studied aluminum-magnesium alloy reactions to repeated ("complex cyclical") structural loads under space conditions. At the end of the EVA, they brought inside the sample of solar cell material left outside by Viktor Savinykh and Vladimir Dzhanibekov in August 1985. According to Pravda, ". . .successful accomplishment of multifaceted experimental operations in open space confirms the prospects of the technological operations that have been developed, as well as the possibility of their practical application in creating complex, large-size orbiting complexes for scientific and economic purposes."

The crew removed 20 instruments with a total mass of 350 to 400 kg including a multichannel spectrometer from Salyut 7 before returning to Mir. Between August 19, 1986 and August 22, 1986, engines on Kosmos 1686 boosted Salyut 7 to a record-high mean orbital altitude of 475 km to forestall re-entry. Atmospheric drag took its toll, however, and the station re-entered over South America 54 months later. Pieces of Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 were found in Argentina.

While Soyuz T-15 was away, Soyuz TM-1 docked to Mir from May 23, 1986 - May 29, 1986. Just as Soyuz-T represented a Soyuz upgrade for Salyut 7, Soyuz-TM represented an upgrade for Mir. Soyuz TM-1 arrived unmanned at the unoccupied station and remained for 9 days. The Progress 26 freighter was automatically commanded to depart the station on June 22, 1986. Mir maneuvered twice June 24, 1986 and June 25, 1996, raising its orbit slightly and moving closer to Salyut 7.

After done work the cosmonauts returned to Mir on June, 26, 1986 in a 29-hour journey. It was the first transfer from one space station to another space station in space history.

When back on Mir Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Soloviyov installed there some systems taken from Salyut and they performed some scientific experiments. One of these experiments was GEOEX 8, in which some areas of the German Democratic Republic were explored by an airplane, a satellite and from space. This was useful for agriculture, geology and environmental protection.

Before returning back to Earth the crew put the Mir into an automatic working modus.

The Soyuz spacecraft is composed of three elements attached end-to-end - the Orbital Module, the Descent Module and the Instrumentation/Propulsion Module. The crew occupied the central element, the Descent Module. The other two modules are jettisoned prior to re-entry. They burn up in the atmosphere, so only the Descent Module returned to Earth.
The deorbit burn lasted about 3 to 4 minutes. Having shed two-thirds of its mass, the Soyuz reached Entry Interface - a point 400,000 feet (121.9 kilometers) above the Earth, where friction due to the thickening atmosphere began to heat its outer surfaces. With only 23 minutes left before it lands on the grassy plains of central Asia, attention in the module turned to slowing its rate of descent.
Eight minutes later, the spacecraft was streaking through the sky at a rate of 755 feet (230 meters) per second. Before it touched down, its speed slowed to only 5 feet (1.5 meter) per second, and it lands at an even lower speed than that. Several onboard features ensure that the vehicle and crew land safely and in relative comfort.
Four parachutes, deployed 15 minutes before landing, dramatically slowed the vehicle's rate of descent. Two pilot parachutes were the first to be released, and a drogue chute attached to the second one followed immediately after. The drogue, measuring 24 square meters (258 square feet) in area, slowed the rate of descent from 755 feet (230 meters) per second to 262 feet (80 meters) per second.
The main parachute was the last to emerge. It is the largest chute, with a surface area of 10,764 square feet (1,000 square meters). Its harnesses shifted the vehicle's attitude to a 30-degree angle relative to the ground, dissipating heat, and then shifted it again to a straight vertical descent prior to landing.
The main chute slowed the Soyuz to a descent rate of only 24 feet (7.3 meters) per second, which is still too fast for a comfortable landing. One second before touchdown, two sets of three small engines on the bottom of the vehicle fired, slowing the vehicle to soften the landing.

EVA data

  Name Start End Duration Mission Airlock Suit
EVA Soloviyov, Vladimir 28.05.1986, 05:43 UTC 28.05.1986, 09:23 UTC 3h 40m Soyuz T-15 Salyut 7 Orlan-DM No. 8
EVA Kizim, Leonid 28.05.1986, 05:43 UTC 28.05.1986, 09:23 UTC 3h 40m Soyuz T-15 Salyut 7 Orlan-DM No. 10
 
EVA Soloviyov, Vladimir 31.05.1986, 04:57 UTC 31.05.1986, 09:58 UTC 5h 01m Soyuz T-15 Salyut 7 Orlan-DM No. 8
EVA Kizim, Leonid 31.05.1986, 04:57 UTC 31.05.1986, 09:58 UTC 5h 01m Soyuz T-15 Salyut 7 Orlan-DM No. 10
 

Photos / Graphics

Salyut 7 Mir base block
Mir base block Mir with Soyuz
crew in training Soyuz T-15 launch
Control Center Mir
Salyut 7 Salyut 7
Salyut 7 grider EVA Kizim
EVA Kizim EVA Kizim
EVA Kizim life onboard
life onboard Mir Leonid Kizim onboard Mir
Soyuz T-15 recovery  

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Last update on August 26, 2024.

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