Bachelor of science in medical sciences from the McGill University in Montreal, 1965; Ph.D. in physiology from McGill University, 1974; in 1983 he was a candidate for the first Canadian Space Team; He later became guest researcher at NASA's Ames Research Center, where he developed his expertise in aerospace medical research; 15 of his experiments have been conducted on Shuttle missions since 1983; he became the first Canadian researcher to conduct a medical experiment in space and the first scientist at NASA to speak directly to an astronaut in space; currently he works as the director of the scientific research of the Aerospace Medical Research Institute at the McGill University in Montreal.