Diploma from the historical department of MGU M.T. Lomonosov, 1985; Master of Science in Foreign Policy from the Hopkins University, Washington D.C., 1992; Ph.D. in International Relations from the American University, Washington D.C., 1997; 1996 - 2000 he worked as correspondent for the "Washington Times"; since 2001 manager at the Moscow representation of Raytheon; Journalist at KKSZh; on 27.03.1990 as "cosmonaut-aspirant" declined.